Hair follicle structure

A hair follicle is a long tube structure which penetrates deep into the skin of the scalp. The follicle is the whole structure around a hair fiber from bulb deep in the skin to the opening to the skin surface. The bulb of the hair follicle is the point from which the hair grows .There are about 100,000 hairs follicles present in an adult human scalp. The hair follicle is a separate entity within the skin,and the structure and functions of the hair follicle are based on the interaction between dermal and epidermal components.

The follicular structure of the hair can be divided into three main parts:

* Papilla

* Hair fiber

* The root sheaths

Dermal Papilla in the hair follicle structure:

The Dermal papilla (DP) is in the form of a "pear" shape in normal and healthy hair follicles. The DP comprises a ball of cells which, during the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle, signals to the epielial component of the hair follicle to produce a keratinized hair fiber and other associated products. The dermal papilla is made up of a small group of fibroblast cells which are derived from the mesoderm. The cells are held close to the base of the epidermal cells which are responsible for the production of the hair fiber and root sheaths. So the dermal papilla itself does not make a hair fiber, but it directs the rest of the hair follicle to make one.

Though both the cell types, dermal and epithelial, are held close together they are not mixed up as there is a thin layer, called the basement membrane between the cells of dermal papilla and the epidermal cells.

The dermal papilla directs the embryonic generation of a hair follicle and it continues with this instructive function throughout the life of the hair follicle.

The thickness of the hair fiber depends on the size of dermal papilla. If the dermal papilla is bigger with the accumulation of large number of cells then the hair fiber is thicker. The DP cells are active and contain a large amount of cytoplasm when the hair fiber is produced.

But the DP cells do not multiply or increase like that of the hair producing cells that are situated above DP. When a hair follicle is not producing a fiber the DP cells lose much of their cytoplasm and become inactive.

The effects of all natural diet supplements on hair

A proper diet of vitamins, minerals, protein, amino acids and minerals play a major role in healthy hair growth. Any deficiency in these natural diet supplements can lead to gradual thinning of hair.

Some of these nutritional elements play an important role in hormone metabolism that affects the hair growth and hair loss to a large extent.

If the requirement of these nutrients is not adequately met with the diet these are to taken in the form of hair growth supplements.

Vitamins as natural diet supplement for hair growth

Vitamins are a common natural diet supplement for hair. The most important among them is Vitamin B12 (cobalamin), a water-soluble vitamin. This vitamin helps in the proper functioning of the digestive tract, nervous system, skin, hair, eyes, mouth, and liver.

Stress is one of the common causes of hair loss. Vitamin B12 is an anti-stress vitamin, which improves the condition of the immune system and helps the body to cope up with stress. As a stress inhibitor, Vitamin B12 is a potent hair regrowth stimulator. It is available in food sources like fish, dairy products, organ meats (the meat found in liver and kidney), eggs, beef, and pork.

The other important vitamin required for hair growth is vitamin E. Though this beneficial vitamin is required in little amount by the body, the deficiency of the same causes serious health hazards apart form major hair loss.

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid is best taken in its liquid form. It is an antioxidant required for the healthy growth of hair and skin. It is commonly found in food sources like citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, cantaloupe, pineapple, tomatoes, green peppers, potatoes and dark green vegetables.

Protein and Amino acid supplements for hair

Protein and its constituent amino acids are important for hair growth and overall healthy functioning of the body. During digestion the dietary foods containing protein elements are broken into twenty two different types of amino acids.

In terms of hair growth, the most important amino acid is cysteine. It is particularly important because it contains sulfur molecules which cross link with each other to produce disulfide bonds. These chemical bonds are gives hair its strength. For this reason the most popular amino acid supplement taken for hair is cysteine.

Minerals as natural diet supplements for hair

Minerals are one of the important diet supplements required for healthy hair growth. Without adequate quantity of minerals, our body is not able to absorb the benefits of other nutrients like vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

Among important dietary minerals, silicon is the most common for hair growth. It builds the connective tissues, like ligaments and tendons. It leads to the growth of hair, skin and fingernails. Silicon is largely available in foods like whole grain, breads, cereals, alfalfa, beet, bell pepper, bean and pea.

Zinc is another beneficial mineral required for the normal growth of the hair, teeth, bones, nails and skin. It builds the connective tissue like ligaments and tendons and takes care of the over all metabolism of the body. It ensures the normal functioning of the immune system and enhances various senses like sight, taste and smell. Zinc is largely available in food sources like whole wheat bread, seafood and other animal meats.

Hair care remedies

Applying the right hair care goods (shampoos, cleansers, nourishes) and enchanting enough herbal and dietary nutrition are some of the important hair care remedies for healthy hair growth. The dietary and herbal nutrition not only takes care of the healthy functioning of the body but also heals minor and major hair problems.

The Herbal nutrition is fashionable as a natural hair care remedy. Traditional age-old herbal supplements have created hope not only among ailment sufferers, but also among healthy people who frequently use it for their general well-being. The increasing success of the herbal remedies lies in the fact that they, rather than attempting to suppress the symptoms, enhance the natural healing mechanisms of the body to tackle the problem at the root.

But eating of herbal supplements alone is not enough for healthy hair growth. You also need to take all natural diet supplements, to provide adequate nutrition to cells of the dermal papilla at the root of the hair follicle to remain in an active growth phase. Roots are the living parts of the hair and so the supply of vitamins, minerals and other nutritional supplements cannot be overlooked.

Besides nutritious diet intake, healthy hair needs regular cleansing and conditioning to remove dirt and sebum which affect the health of hair by getting struck and closing the pores. They need external help to be stripped off. While cleansing or conditioning, it is better to use the useful natural based professional hair care products available in the market. Studies have confirmed that herbal and natural cleansers and nourishes are the best form of hair care and hair growth products needed for healthy hair.

There is an increasing popularity of such hair cleansers and nourishes. The reason of the increasing popularity lies with the fact that many people prefer not to apply harmful chemicals on their hair. These hair care remedies are effective in treating various hair problems other than providing a soothing effect on the scalp.

All these useful products and supplements have not only demonstrated their effectiveness by preventing hair loss, but they also reversed the hair loss causes and promoted hair growth. The most advantageous factor of these natural hair care remedies is that they are devoid of any side effects used according to the recommended procedure.

Hair Loss Treatment

Our hair loss treatment has been in use for over three thousand years in a variety of forms. This hair loss product was discovered in its crude form in the foothills of the Himalayas in India, being applied to scalps by the indigenous populations. Almost the entire populations of this area have a full, beautiful, healthy head of hair. Statistically, hair loss is a common universal problem; in a given population, at least 40% of men (and some women) are either bald or have thinning hair. This crude extract of herbs acted as a rejuvenator of hair and a cleanser of the scalp. The local populations apply the crude version of herbal extracts derived from leaves of rare plants that wildly grow on the higher peaks of the mountainous regions they live in. These people do not consciously use it as a hair loss treatment; instead, it is a part of daily regimen they found their fathers and forefathers going through and so they continue it. The result is a thick, beautiful and healthy head of hair, free of dandruff or related problems. This anti hair loss discovery was scientifically researched for seven years before getting approval from the Indian government to market it as a commercial hair loss treatment. The R&D on this hair loss product continues even today, with our team building upon the benefits achieved so far. As the anti hair loss herbs get harvested at a faster rate than can be grown back, it becomes a challenge for Positive Trends Inc. to keep up with this diminished natural resource. We are committed to maintaining the depletion ratio by being prudent in the way we harvest the herbs and ensure the best, scientific method of re-growth of this anti hair loss herbs even though the expense involved trend higher.

For over twelve years, our hair loss product has been marketed in Europe as both a hair loss and dandruff remedy. It is a runaway success, especially in Germany, where it is tremendously popular with an overwhelming majority of users. Scalp & Hair Conditioner has been marketed in the USA and Canada since 1996, making it yet another successful market.

Herbal hair loss treatment:

Herbal Scalp & Hair Conditioner is a totally natural herbal extract and has no chemicals. Its base is white paraffin, a mixing carrier for the herbs used. White paraffin is used in everyday lotions and cosmetics, even baby oil. Saini Herbal Scalp & Hair Conditioner works wonders and stops hair loss by starting to reverse the effects of DHT, removing harmful scalp buildup that obstructs essential flow of blood to hair roots, eliminates dandruff almost immediately and rejuvenates weak, limp and dull hair back to its former thickness, shine and vigor. Use daily for between three months to nine months depending upon your individual situation and then maybe twice or thrice a week to maintain a b head of hair. It works equally well for both men and women.

Hair Loss Causes

The general hair loss causes are numerous like stress, infectious diseases, lack of nutritional supplements, and use of harmful synthetic hair care products and so on. Physicians around the world are attractive a closer look at hair loss causes and thinning and prescribing the hair loss treatments and medications that are more successful in treating the particular hair problems. But not every type of hair loss is subject to treatment as the normal shedding of hair is necessary for the cyclical process of hair re-growth.

Normal hair shedding can be divided under two broad categories. One of the normal hair shedding procedures involves randomly loosing some hair after reaching the theologian phase of the hair growth cycles. According to researchers it is absolutely normal to shed about 100 hairs each day.

The other normal cause of more hair shedding is an increase in age. It is quite normal to loose more and more hair with increasing age, but when some men and women start loosing hair at an early age it is a sure sign of concern. The cause of such premature hair loss is attributed to pattern baldness or Androgen tic Alopecia.

In general, men are more prone to pattern baldness when compared to women. But women are also at risk of developing hair loss. Though the pattern baldness or Androgen tic hair loss is more evident in men due to more hair loss in frontal hair line, women are prone to pattern hair loss that is manifested by thinning all over the scalp. Though the numbers of men and women suffering from pattern hair loss is different, the mechanism of premature hair loss or pattern baldness is similar.

Hair growth cycles

It takes a long stage of two to six years for every hair strand on the scalp to attain its final growth potential. During this lengthy growth period the hair is washed, conditioned, exposed to the heat and greenhouse gasses, chemically treated etc. None of these factors affect the normal growth of the hair follicles, but they can damage the hair shaft. Hair follicles in the skin remain unaffected by the harmful effects of the atmosphere and continue with their normal cyclical process of hair growth and renewed re-growth after resting for a small period.

The phases of hair growth cycles

The cyclical process of hair growth can be divided into three major phases

• Anagen - lasts 2-8 years

• Catagen - lasts 2-4 weeks

• Telogen - lasts 2-4 months

There is a further phase called as Exogen which mainly concerns with the cracking of the hair, but it also seems to affect the anagen phase.

Duration of the particular hair growing phase depends on the age of the character, the intake quantity of natural supplements, hormone levels, and other physiologic and pathologic factors.

Vitamins Good for Hair

Vitamin A: it is an antioxidant that aids in the making of healthy sebum in the scalp. Food sources rich in Vitamin A are fish liver oil, meat, milk, cheese, eggs, spinach, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, apricots and peaches.

Vitamin C: they work towards maintaining hair health. Sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, cantaloupe, pineapple, tomatoes, and dark green vegetables.

Vitamin E: it helps in improving the scalp circulation. Food sources rich in vitamin E are vegetable oils, wheat germ oil, soybeans, raw seeds and nuts, dried beans, and leafy green vegetables.

Biotin: it works as an anti aging agent by preventing graying of hair and hair loss. Sources of biotin are: whole grains, egg yolks, liver, rice and milk.

Inositol: it helps in keeping hair follicles healthy. Rich food sources include whole grains, liver and citrus fruits.

Niacin (Vitamin B3): it aids in promoting scalp circulation. Rich food sources include wheat germ, fish, chicken, turkey and meat.

Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): it helps in preventing graying and hair loss. Rich food sources encompass whole grain cereals, organ meats and egg yolks.

Vitamin B6: Prevents hair loss. Food sources include brewer's yeast, liver, whole grain cereals, vegetables, organ meats and egg yolk.

Vitamin B12: Prevents hair loss. Rich food sources include chicken, fish, eggs and milk.

The Skin Care

The skin is the outer covering of the body. It is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs.[1] The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin).

Because it interfaces with the environment, skin plays a very important role in protecting (the body) against pathogens. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates. Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue. This is often discolored and depigmented.

In humans, skin pigmentation varies among populations, and skin type can range from dry to oily.

Skin has pigmentation, or melanin, provided by melanocytes, which absorb some of the potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation (UV) in sunlight. It also contains DNA-repair enzymes that help reverse UV damage, and people who lack the genes for these enzymes suffer high rates of skin cancer. One form predominantly produced by UV light, malignant melanoma, is particularly invasive, causing it to spread quickly, and can often be deadly. Human skin pigmentation varies among populations in a striking manner. This has led to the classification of people(s) on the basis of skin color.[2]

Mammalian skin often contains hairs, which in sufficient density is called fur. The hair mainly serves to augment the insulation the skin provides, but can also serve as a secondary sexual characteristic or as camouflage. On some animals, the skin is very hard and thick, and can be processed to create leather. Reptiles and fish have hard protective scales on their skin for protection, and birds have hard feathers, all made of tough β-keratins. Amphibian skin is not a strong barrier to passage of chemicals and is often subject to osmosis. A frog sitting in an anesthetic solution could quickly go to sleep.

The skin is often known as the largest organ of the human body. This applies to exterior surface, as it covers the body,to have the largest surface area of all the organs. For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square meters (16.1-21.5 sq ft.), most of it is between 2-3 mm (0.10 inch) thick. The average square inch (6.5 cm²) of skin holds 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels, 60,000 melanocytes, and more than a thousand nerve endings.

Functions

Skin performs the following functions:

1. Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.
2. Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury; see somatosensory system and haptics.
3. Heat regulation: the skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements which allows precise control of energy loss by radiation, convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heat loss while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat. Erector pili muscles are significant in animals.
4. Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and impermeable barrier to fluid loss. Loss of this function contributes to the massive fluid loss in burns.
5. Aesthetics and communication: others see our skin and can assess our mood, physical state and attractiveness.
6. Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water, as well as a means of synthesis of vitamin D by action of UV on certain parts of the skin.
7. Excretion: sweat contains urea, however its concentration is 1/130th that of urine, hence excretion by sweating is at most a secondary function to temperature regulation.
8. Absorption: Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in small amounts, some animals using their skin for their sole respiration organ. In addition, medicine can be administered through the skin, by ointments or by means of adhesive patch, such as the nicotine patch or iontophoresis. The skin is an important site of transport in many other organisms.
9. Water resistance: The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential nutrients aren't washed out of the body.

Hair care remedies

The herbal applying the right hair care products (shampoos, cleansers, nourishers) and taking adequate herbal and dietary nutrition are some of the essential hair care remedies for healthy hair growth. The dietary and herbal nutrition not only takes care of the healthy functioning of the body but also heals minor and major hair problems.

The Herbal nutrition is popular as a natural hair care remedy. Traditional age-old herbal supplements have created hope not only among ailment sufferers, but also among healthy people who frequently use it for their general well-being. The increasing success of the herbal remedies lies in the fact that they, rather than attempting to suppress the symptoms, enhance the natural healing mechanisms of the body to tackle the problem at the root.

Qhemet Biologics

Web operating systemMy hair is 2b/M/C/ii and its dry and frizzy from flat iron and becoming coarse from gray hairs growing in. I no longer flat iron, but still have coarse hair. This product is targeted to African Americans but I am Caucasian. I do not see why it cannot work on any type hair as long as you adjust the amount. I use quite a bit in my hair as a leave in. It is the best product I have found ever for my hair. It makes my hair soft and smooth and I love how the ingredients are all natural, like olive oil, aloe, and amla, castor oil, glycerin and paraben free.

I do not care that it is packaged in a tub, but for sanitary reasons, I unscrew the top and take the amount that I need out with a q-tip.

ETA* I would store this in the refrigerator because it has no preservatives it probably does not have a very long shelf life.

Cotton

Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa. The fiber most often is spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile, which is the most widely used natural-fiber cloth in clothing today.

Cotton was cultivated by the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization by the 5th millennium BC - 4th millennium BC.The Indus cotton industry was well developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the modern Industrialization of India.

Natural skin care

Natural skin care is the care of the skin (the largest organ of the body) using naturally-derived ingredients (such as herbs, roots, essential oils and flowers) combined with naturally occurring carrier agents, preservatives, surfactants, humectants and emulsifiers (everything from natural soap to oils to pure water).

As a result of this definition, many people who use natural skin care products, generally make their own products at home from naturally occurring ingredients. While there are many wives' tales surrounding the beneifts of certain ingredients, scientific studies have proven that such ingredients as Chamomile have demonstrated healing and anti-inflammatory properties when applied topically.

Materials

Materials are substances or components with certain physical properties which are used as inputs to production or manufacturing. Basically materials are the pieces required to make something else. From buildings and art to stars and computers.

A material can be anything: a finished product in its own right or an unprocessed raw material. Raw materials are first extracted or harvested from the earth and divided into a form that can be easily transported and stored, then processed to produce semi-finished materials. These can be input into a new cycle of production and finishing processes to create finished materials, ready for distribution, construction, and consumption.

An example of a raw material is cotton, which is harvested from plants, and can then be processed into thread (also considered a raw material), which can then be woven into cloth, a semi-finished material. Cutting and sewing the fabric turns it into a garment, which is a finished material. Steelmaking is another example—raw materials in the form of ore are mined, refined and processed into steel, a semi-finished material. Steel is then used as an input in many other industries to make finished products.

Plastic bags

Plastic bags are supple packaging product made up of thin, compressed, flexible and blown poly film. Plastic bags are highly used for packaging, transporting and disposing purpose. All kind of food products, powdered products, liquid products, chemical products etc are stored, reserved and transported in plastic bags. Commonly used Plastic bags are plastic shopping bags, recycled plastic bags, printed bags, industrial plastic bags etc. Plastic bags which are usually carved out of high density polyethylene(HDPE), are widely used in grocery stores, supermarket, local vendors etc. The thickness of HDPE plastic bags is very low as compared to other films.

Its density ranges from 0.941 to 0.965 g/cm3.Other commonly used material for making plastic bags is Low density polyethylene. Plastic bags formed out it are more transparent as compared to HDPE plastic bags. These kind of plastic bags are mainly used in carrying while shopping for vegetable, fruits, grains, grocery items etc. Its density ranges from 0.910 to 0.925 g/cm3.Oriented Polypropylene () is another commonly used material for making Plastic bags. Plastic bags formed out of Oriented Polypropylene(OPP) are very much transparent, and widely used for packing confectionery items like sweets, chocolates, candies etc.

Natural hair care

Most women desire beautiful, healthy, shiny hair, but few are aware of the right way to acquire it. It is this ignorance of people that the television commercials and ad magazines take undue advantage of to lure people with their glossy and catchy ads about synthetic hair care products. In reality these synthetic hair care products do not offer much advantage. Rather, some of them are bad for hair and may even cause irritation or burning sensations to the scalp.

The key to healthy and beautiful hair lies in the use of natural hair care products. They are quite efficient for improving most types of hair provided they are applied in accordance with the specific hair care requirement.

Many a product that is extracted from plants, or includes other beneficial natural elements, has been used for treating hair problems successfully for years. Other than promoting healthy hair growth these natural hair care products also impart a sweet, natural fragrance to the hair unlike that offered by their synthetic counterparts. Unlike synthetic products they are usually devoid of any side-effects.

Natural hair care products alone cannot promote healthy hair growth. Hair roots are alive and like any other organs of the body they need nutrition to maintain their normal functioning. The natural vitamins for hair growth which are most essential includes those in the vitamin B group. Apart from these, vitamins including vitamin E and C are also helpful for hair growth. Vitamins are among the purest ingredients that can help ensure healthy hair growth on the scalp.

Faster Hair growth Tips

This site can provide you with some essential information on faster hair growth and maintenance. It is an innate desire of human beings to look attractive regardless of the hair type they have. Each ethnic race has its own standards of beautiful hair.

Mere presence of some beautiful hair strands on the scalp is of not much significance if not with coupled with some healthy and voluminous hair to match. You can have both the beauty and quantity if you follow some faster hair growth tips.

Growth of healthy hair largely depends on its normal healthy functioning and structure. The hair structure is divided into two parts - the non living part that is projected out of the skin of the scalp and the other living part, that remains buried inside the scalp skin. Both hair parts have various functions to perform, besides being an integral component of the hair growth cycles.

Alteration in the normal cyclical process of hair growth is one of the main causes of hair loss. The factors that affect the normal hair growth cycle are hormonal imbalance and genetics.

Though it is hard to take care of the above two factors of hair loss, it is essential for you to keep your hair clean and healthy with the use of well-formulated cleansers and conditioners. To ensure faster hair growth proper intake of nutritional supplements and natural hair care is essential.

Plastic

The word “plastic”comes from the Greek word “plastikos” meaning “to form.”

In more technical terms, a plastic is a material that can be heated and molded so that it keeps its molded shape after it cools.

When we talk of a substance being “plastic”most people would agree on its meaning. It can flow or be moulded, it is ductile or it can be shaped, but when we turn to defining “plastics” we have problems. Almost any simple definition will exclude materials which everyone would agree should be included so we have to turn to scientific terms and start with the comment that plastics are all polymers.

Turban

The turban (from Persian dulband via the Turkish dulbant) is a headdress consisting of a long scarf-like single piece of cloth wound around either the head itself or an inner hat. The word "turban" is a common umbrella term, loosely used in English to refer to several sorts of head wrap.

In Western countries, men wearing turbans in public are likely to be Sikhs, whose religion requires them to cover their long uncut hair.

* Middle Eastern, Central Asian, South Asian, and Sikh turban wearers usually wind their turban anew for each wearing, using long strips of cloth. The cloth is usually five meters or less. However, some elaborate South Asian turbans may be permanently formed and sewn to a foundation. Turbans can be very large or quite modest dependent upon region, culture, and religion.

* Turbans are worn as women's hats in Western countries. They are usually sewn to a foundation, so that they can be donned or removed easily. Now that fewer Western women wear hats they are less common. However, turbans are still worn by female cancer patients who have lost their hair to chemotherapy and wish to cover their heads. Some women use wigs; others prefer scarves and turbans.

Carbonated water

Carbonated water, also known as sparkling water, fizzy water and seltzer, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved, and is the major and defining component of most soft drinks. The process of dissolving carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation. It results in the formation of carbonic acid (which has the chemical formula H2CO3).

In the past, carbonated water, also known as soda water, was produced in the home by "charging" a refillable seltzer bottle by filling it with water and then adding carbon dioxide. Club soda may be identical to plain carbonated water or it may contain a small amount of table salt, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium sulfate, or disodium phosphate, depending on the bottler. These additives are included to emulate the slightly salty taste of homemade soda water. The process can also occur naturally to produce carbonated mineral water, such as in Mihalkovo in the Bulgarian Rhodopes.

Polymer

A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties and purposes.

Well-known examples of polymers include plastics and proteins. A simple example is polypropylene, whose repeating unit structure is shown at the right. However, polymers are not just limited to having predominantly carbon backbones, elements such as silicon form familiar materials such as silicones, examples being silly putty and waterproof plumbing sealant. The backbone of DNA is in fact based on a phosphodiester bond.

Natural polymer materials such as shellac and amber have been in use for centuries. Biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids play crucial roles in biological processes. A variety of other natural polymers exist, such as cellulose, which is the main constituent of wood and paper.